Growing seasons with extended periods of drought conditions can increase potential for carryover injury from herbicides applied during the drought season to crops planted the following season.
The potential for herbicide carryover injury is driven by two main factors:
Damage to a soybean plant from atrazine carryover. Dry conditions the previous year can lead to these symptoms if there is insufficient moisture for breakdown of the atrazine.
Herbicide labels have requirements on how much time should elapse between herbicide application and planting of specific crops (rotational cropping restrictions). Some label requirements are also conditional, and may depend on the rate applied, the geographical region where applied, and the weather conditions experienced since application. Different herbicides have different characteristics and interact with soils and weather in different ways, so broad, sweeping recommendations are not possible.
Understanding how the chemical properties, soil characteristics, weather, and crop susceptibility interact is critical to evaluating the risk of carryover injury. If the risk appears high, the important question is: what can be done now to mitigate carryover injury?
Degradation is the transformation of active herbicide molecules to products that no longer have herbicidal activity. Degradation rate is often described by half-life, which is the time required for half of the herbicide molecules to degrade from the soil. Herbicides with longer half-lives tend to be more persistent and have higher potential for carryover.
The primary mode of degradation for many herbicides is by soil microbes, which can use herbicide molecules as an energy and/or nutrient (i.e., nitrogen) source. Non-microbial chemical degradation can also be important for some herbicide classes. This can occur in soil water (hydrolysis) or by direct exposure to sunlight on soil surfaces (photo-decomposition).
The chemical structure of a herbicide affects its water solubility, vapor pressure, soil binding, and susceptibility to microbial and chemical degradation. These characteristics, and how they interact with soil and weather (described below), determine how much herbicide is left at the time of rotational crop planting the following season. For example, herbicides that are highly bound to soil particles are often less likely to be available for microbial degradation.
Soil characteristics have a large influence on herbicide persistence. Soils that are higher in clay and organic matter tend to bind more herbicide molecules to their surfaces (adsorption). This may reduce their availability for microbial degradation. Soil pH also has an effect, since it can influence herbicide solubility and also microbial activity. Soil microbes (bacteria, fungi, etc.) tend to be most active near neutral soil pH.
Soil pH levels significantly lower or higher than about 6.5 to 7.0 may alter the relative populations of species of microbes growing in the soil and therefore reduce degradation, leading to higher persistence. Soil pH can also affect chemical degradation. Some herbicides, such as sulfonylureas, are more readily degraded by chemical processes at lower soil pH, and therefore may be less likely to cause carryover damage at pH levels below 7 or so. In contrast, imidazolinone herbicides, which are primarily microbially degraded, are more tightly bound to soil colloids in lower pH soils and are more likely to cause carryover injury at lower soil pH due to reduced susceptibility to microbial degradation.
Temperature and rainfall have a large effect on herbicide persistence and the potential for carryover injury. Weather patterns that favor microbial activity (warm, moist conditions) increase degradation and lessen carryover potential (Figure 1). Temperature can also influence chemical processes, with warmer conditions favoring degradation.
Figure 1. Illustration* of soil moisture effect on herbicide persistence – herbicides can persist much longer in dry vs. wet soils. Adapted from Colquhoun, 2006. *Does not pertain to any actual herbicide – check labels for rotational restrictions.
Crop species differ in susceptibility to different herbicides. That is why most herbicides are registered for some crops and not others. Therefore, choice of crop to plant following a specific herbicide application the previous year can greatly influence injury potential. For example, corn is highly tolerant to atrazine, but soybeans are relatively susceptible. If atrazine carryover is likely in a field, it may be best to plant corn (or sorghum) that year to avoid potential problems.
All of the factors described above – herbicide characteristics, soil characteristics, weather conditions, and rotational crop planted – interact with each other to cause or avoid carryover injury. These factors also vary from field to field and area to area within individual fields, often leading to uneven carryover response across a field. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show how carryover injury can vary just within a few feet in a field.
Figure 2. Uneven response of corn to soil residues of imazaquin applied to soybeans the previous year.
Figure 3. Uneven response of soybeans to soil residues of atrazine applied to corn the previous year.
The development of glyphosate-resistant weeds, especially amaranth species such as waterhemp and Palmer amaranth, has led to increased use of several older herbicide products.
One active ingredient that has seen high use recently is fomesafen, the active ingredient in herbicides such as Reflex®, Flexstar®, and Prefix®. Fomesafen is in the PPO class, which includes herbicides such as flumioxazin (Valor® and others), sulfentrazone (Authority® and Spartan® products), and saflufenacil (Sharpen® and others). The average field half-life of fomesafen is reported as about 100 days, meaning it can be fairly persistent. It primarily degrades by soil microorganisms, so factors that reduce microbial activity, such as dry soils, may increase the half-life and therefore persistence and carryover potential.
Many growers are using fomesafen-containing products in soybeans to control pigweeds and other species, sometimes in combination with other herbicides in the PPO class. Fomesafen product labels specify a 10-month interval between application to soybeans and planting corn. This means that if fomesafen was applied to soybeans in late June, the minimum time until corn planting is late April the following year. Planting corn prior to the 10-month interval increases the chance for carryover injury. Dry conditions may increase this potential even more.
Figure 4. Buggy-whipping symptom from carryover of PPO herbicides to corn.
Figure 5. Leaf chlorosis and mid-vein breakage symptom from fomesafen.
Symptoms of PPO herbicide carryover injury to corn include buggy whipping (Figure 4), leaf chlorosis and mid-vein breakage (Figure 5), and necrotic leaf tissue (Figure 6). Corn often rapidly outgrows this injury, but if the injury response remains for an extended time, yield potential may be compromised.
Figure 6. Leaf necrosis symptom from fomesafen carryover to corn.
The vast majority of herbicide degradation resulting from microbial activity occurs during the summer and early fall after the herbicide is applied. The microbes responsible for herbicide degradation are most active in warm (not hot) and moist soils. Soil conditions most conducive for excellent plant growth are the same conditions for maximum microbiological activity.
Microbial activity is reduced in hot and dry soils, thus increasing the risk for herbicide carryover potential for those herbicides that degrade mainly by microbial activity. Even where dry conditions have been relieved, some carryover potential may still remain, especially if moisture came primarily in the winter months. Cold soil temperatures decrease microbial activity, and moisture during winter may not substantially increase microbial populations to enhance the rate of herbicide degradation. As soils warm during the spring, microbes will become more active, but the relatively short time until planting will limit the amount of degradation that occurs. At this point, there is not much growers can do to affect the amount of residual herbicide present in their fields. However, there are a few things that can be done to reduce the risk of crop injury:
Figure 7. Bioassay showing response of alfalfa (left and middle) to fomesafen applied to soybeans the previous season. The pot on the right shows alfalfa growth in soil from an untreated part of the field.
In growing seasons following drought there is potential for a higher than normal carryover response to herbicides applied the prior season. Although there is not much a grower can do to change the amount of herbicide present at planting, several options are available to reduce risk, including:
Table 1. Carryover risk to corn, soybeans, cotton, and sugarbeets for several commonly used herbicides. Risk may be higher in drought conditions.
| MOA/ Family |
Active Ingredient |
Primary Dissipation Mode |
Risk for Carryover Injury the Year After Application to1: | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Corn | Soybean | Cotton | Sugarbeets | |||
| EPSPS | glyphosate | adsorption, microbial | very low | very low | very low | very low |
| GS | glufosinate | microbial | very low | very low | very low | very low |
| ALS/IMI | imazaquin | microbial | high2,3 | very low | high4 | high4 |
| ALS/IMI | imazethapyr | microbial | moderate | very low | high4 | high4 |
| ALS/SU | chlorimuron | chemical, microbial | low to moderate5 | very low | low | high4 |
| PSII | atrazine | microbial | very low | high6 | low | high4 |
| PSII | metribuzin | microbial | low | low | high4 | high4 |
| PPO | fomesafen | microbial | moderate | very low | very low | high4 |
| PPO | flumioxazin | microbial | low | very low | low | moderate7 |
| PPO | saflufenacil | microbial | very low | low | low | low |
| PPO | sulfentrazone | microbial | low | very low | moderate8 | high4 |
| HPPD | mesotrione | microbial | very low | moderate9 | low | high4 |
| HPPD | topramezone | microbial | very low | low | low | high4 |
| HPPD | tembotrione | microbial | very low | low | low | high2 |
| HPPD | isoxaflutole | microbial | very low | low | high4 | high2,3 |
| Auxin | 2,4-D | microbial | very low | very low | very low | very low |
| Auxin | dicamba | microbial | very low | very low | very low | very low |
| Auxin | clopyralid | microbial | very low | moderate2 | high4 | very low |
1See product labels for details.
2Label states planting interval depends on amount of rainfall received after application and/or soil organic matter content.
3Label requirements differ for regions.
4Label prohibits planting the year following use.
5Low at pH < 7-7.5, moderate at pH >7-7.5. See label for details.
6Varies with region, use rate, and soil characteristics. See label for details.
7Depends on use rate.
8Label requires 12-month planting interval.
9Label restrictions in place if mesotrione applied twice to corn the previous year.
Read and follow all herbicide label instructions.
Pioneer® brand Optimum® AQUAmax® corn hybrids were developed to deliver a yield advantage, rain or shine. These corn products offer improved performance in water-limited conditions and have been tested in multiple drought testing locations over multiple years.
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AQ – Optimum® AQUAmax® product. Product performance in water-limited environments is variable and depends on many factors, such as the severity and timing of moisture deficiency, heat stress, soil type, management practices and environmental stress, as well as disease and pest pressures. All products may exhibit reduced yield under water and heat stress. Individual results may vary.
The foregoing is provided for informational use only. Please contact your Pioneer sales professional for information and suggestions specific to your operation. Product performance is variable and depends on many factors such as moisture and heat stress, soil type, management practices and environmental stress as well as disease and pest pressures. Individual results may vary. Pioneer® brand products are provided subject to the terms and conditions of purchase which are part of the labeling and purchase documents
