Corn Planting Depth

• University Extension guidelines in the U.S. Corn Belt commonly recommend planting corn 1.5 to 2.5 inches deep.
• Specific seeding depth recommendations within the 1.5- to 2.5-inch zone are often based on soil texture and moisture conditions, with shallower planting recommended for poorly drained, finer-textured soils and deeper planting recommended for well-drained, coarser-textured soils.

Figure 1. Corn plant at V1 that was seeded two inches deep, with growing point ¾ of an inch below the soil surface. Correct planting depth is important for normal root development.

• Planting corn too shallow can hamper nodal root development by placing the crown too close to the soil surface.
  • Plants with poor root development are less able to take up water and nutrients and can suffer dramatically during periods of summer drought.
  • In severe cases, corn can develop a condition called “rootless corn syndrome” in which plants will fall over due to the lack of nodal root development in dry soil near the surface. 
• Shallow planting can expose corn seedlings to herbicide residues, increasing the potential for herbicide injury.
• Emergence may be less uniform due to a greater variability in moisture and temperature conditions in the seed bed and poorer seed-to-soil contact.

Figure 2. Rootless corn syndrome caused by shallow planting followed by dry soil conditions.

• Planting too deep can be problematic when soils are cool and wet following planting, potentially resulting in uneven emergence and reduced stand establishment.
• Planting deeper can also place corn at a greater risk of emergence problems resulting from surface crusting if the field experiences a heavy rainfall event after planting.
  • Crusting can affect corn planted at any depth, but deeper-planted corn can be at a slightly greater risk due to the slightly longer time it takes for seedlings to reach the surface and emerge.
  • Crusting risk is greatest in finely textured soils, low organic matter soils, and fields with poor soil structure and minimal residue.

Ohio State Study (Lindsey and Thomison, 2020)

• Shallow planting (~1 inch) shortened the time to the start of corn emergence, but lengthened the duration of emergence resulting in a less uniform stand.
• Soil moisture was lower and more variable closer to the soil surface, which likely contributed to the less-uniform emergence with shallower planting.
• Planting depth affected yield in a higher organic matter field, but had no effect in a lower organic matter field.

Univ. of Missouri Study (Kitchen et al., 2021a,b)

• Planting corn at the deeper end of the recommended range (2.5 to 3.0 inches) was advantageous for corn emergence in both coarse- and fine-textured soils.
• Planting deeper usually resulted in greater emergence uniformity and similar or improved corn emergence rates.
• Deeper planting (2.5-3.0 inches) was favorable for emergence rate and uniformity when temperatures after planting were warm, but was unfavorable in one year of the study when temperatures were colder.

• Planting depth can easily be determined after seedling emergence. 
• The nodal root area (crown or growing point) typically develops about ¾ of an inch beneath the soil surface regardless of the seeding depth. 
• Measure the mesocotyl length (the area between the seed and crown or growing point, then add ¾ inch to determine the planting depth.

Figure 3. Corn seedling showing how to assess depth of seed placement after planting by measuring from the seed to the nodal roots.

• Research has generally shown that, within the standard recommended planting depth range (1.5 to 2.5 inches), there is more risk associated with planting too shallow than too deep.
• Corn should never be planted less than 1.5 inches deep.
• A target planting depth of around 2 inches is likely to provide the best odds of success in most situations in the Corn Belt.
• Deeper planting (2.5-3.0 inches) may be necessary in lighter, sandier soils in order to place seeds into consistent soil moisture.

• Landscape Position Effects on Corn Emergence. Pioneer Agronomy Kitchen, N., S. Stewart, L. Conway, M. Yost, and P. Carter. 2021a. How Planting Depth and Soil Texture Affect Corn Emergence. Pioneer Agronomy Research Update 11:5.
• Kitchen, N., S. Stewart, L. Conway, M. Yost, and P. Carter. 2021b. Planting Depth and Research Update 11:6.
• Lindsey, A., and P. Thomison. 2020. Corn Planting Depth: Soil Temperature and Moisture Flux in the Furrow. Pioneer Agronomy Research Update 10:3.